Trust & equity law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trust & equity law - Essay Example According to the court in this case â€Å"Charity in its legal sense comprises four principal divisions: trusts for the relief of poverty, trust for the advancement of education, trusts for the advancement of religion, and trusts for other purposes beneficial to the community, not falling under any of the preceding heads."4 Later on, these four principal divisions mentioned in the case together with some other provisions were incorporated in the Charities Act of 1992 and 1993. However, the definition given under the law was not clear enough so as to clearly elucidate on the issue of which organizations should be considered as charities. The case of McGovern v Attorney General (1982)5 illustrated the difficulties of obtaining charitable status. Note that in this case, the Amnesty International seek establish a charitable trust which is geared towards securing the release of prisoners, abolish the practices of torture and other dehumanizing acts as well as to do some research in the a reas of human rights protection and maintenance.6 Unfortunately, in this case, the charitable trust was not recognized by law as valid not because the goal was not a noble one but rather because the goals set by Amnesty International was not entirely charitable as it also includes some political motives such as the changing of policies in some countries which are in violation of human rights. On the other hand, in the earlier decision on the case of Re South Place Ethical Society (1980)7, the Court considered the charitable trust as valid not on the ground that the South Place Ethical Society â€Å"seeks the advancement of religion†8 but because it can be classified as an educational institution. This decision gives us an idea on how one could go around the provisions of the Charities Act 1993 and take advantage of the benefits accorded to charities. The enactment of the Charities Act 2006 heralded

The Gediminas Castle Essay Example for Free

The Gediminas Castle Essay The funicular is 71m long and will take you 40m high. The angle is said to be 36 degrees. Opening hours 10.00 19.00 all year round. Tickets: up and down adults 3Lt, pensioners and school children 2Lt up OR down adults 2 Lt, pensioners and school children 1Lt The so called Upper Castle, or Gediminas Castle, was built at the beginning of the 14th century on the site of an earlier wooden one. A century later it was rebuilt and strenghtened. Along with the Lower Castle (now gone) and the defensive wall it formed a powerful defensive system. But slowly itlost its importance and after the damage caused in the war with Russia in 1655, it was left unrebuilt. After the World War II the best surviving tower was restored. It now houses a museum and an observa- tion platform. The museum is open: May Sept 10.00 19.00 whole week Oct April Tuesday to Sunday, 10.00 to 17.00. Entrance fee 5Ltl for adults, pensioners and school children 2Ltl. To the east of the tower are the ruins of the ducal palace. The Gediminas Tower is an important historic symbol of the city of Vilnius and of Lithuania. It is the only remaining part of the Upper Castle. The first wooden fortifications were built by Gediminas the Duke of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There is historic evidence of a castle being located at the top of Gediminas Hill since the early 14th century. The original castle was made of wood and there is uncertaintainty around when exactly the stone castle was built. Originally the castle was built to protect the city of Vilnius from invaders and gave a great vantage point ove the city and surrounding countryside. Over the centuries the city of Vilnius was attacked five times but the castle was never successfully taken. It was only in the 17th century, during the war with Moscow, did the castle finally succumb to foreign invasion when  it was nearly completely destroyed. Recently, parts of the castle have been restored, but access to the interior of the castle is still not possible for visitors. Fairly easy walk (assuming youre wearing good walking shoes) up Gedeminas Hill allows for wonderful views of Vilnius. The orange-red roofs of old town spread out below, while taller modern buildings can be seen in the distance, a reminder that Vilnius is both a historical site and modern, living city. At the top of the hill stands the remains of the Upper Castle, built in the 15th century. Inside the tower is a museum detailing some of the citys history. Climb to the top of the tower for even better views of the city below. For a change of pace, take the funicular down to the bottom of the hill when youre ready to leave. Its a fun ride, and quick! The first timber castle was built on Castle Mount by Grand Duke Gediminas around 1320. It was replaced by a brick one in the second half of the 14th century, which had to be re-built by Grand Duke Vytautas after a fire in 1419. The castle served the Polish kings as a bell foundry and a jail and, later, as King Sigismund Augusts library. In 1655 it was conquered by the Muscovites, which was the start of its gradual decline. The only remaining part of it at present is just one tower which houses the Museum of the Castle. From its top you can admire the panorama of Vilnius. Unfortunately, we could only see the castle from below. There were no signposts to the funicular and it was getting too late for us to attempt a walk. The pictures of the panorama of the town were taken by my friend on her stay in Vilnius. All Lithuanians know a legend about establishment of Vilnius city. It was the beginning of 14th century when Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas stopped for an overnight near confluence of Neris and Vilnele rivers. That night he dreamt an iron wolf howling on a hill. In the morning his soothsayer Lizdeika explained his dream as a sign for him to build here a city as it will become a well known and widely resounded in all over the World. Gediminas ordered to pour a mound at the same place he slept. On the hill there a castle was built, the predecessor for the nowadays Gediminas castle. According to archeological researches, the hill where Gediminas castle stands nowadays was already inhabited in a Neolithic period. In 11-13th centuries a wooden castle here stood. The same as Vilnius city, it was mentioned in 1323 for the first time. For more than 250 years since 1315, when a dynasty of GediminaiÄ iai ruled the Grand Duke of Lithuania, the complex of Vilnius castles served as a solid defensive structure. The complex included the Bottom castle, the Upper castle and the Skew castle. The Bottom castle extended in a territory of a few hectares. It stood at the same place where now the Vilnius Cathedral stands. It looked as a separate city as it included a school, an arsenal, stables, living buildings, a cathedral. However, it finally vanished in 1800. The newly built Palace of Grand Dukes of Lithuania nowadays symbolizes the former Bottom Castle. The Skew castle stood on the Skew hill, the same one which nowadays is known as the Bleak hill where a monument called â€Å"Three Crosses† is erected. The Skew castle was burnt in 1390 by German Order. Remains of the Upper castle are still standing on Gediminas hill. This castle is also called Gediminas castle. There were times when it was one of the most important political centers in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There is also a tower of Gediminas castle located which can be seen well from any place in Vilnius Old Town. The tower nowadays serves as a museum, an observation square and a symbol of Vilnius and the whole Lithuania. The museum located in the tower of Gediminas castle is a part of National museum of Lithuania. There is an exposition called â€Å"Guns and an iconography of the castle† exposed. Visitors can get acquainted with models of the complex of Vilnius castles, historical weaponry and iconography of the old Vilnius. Tourists can climb up the Gediminas hill themselves in order to visit the castle and the tower or they can use an elevator working there daily. Marvelous views of Vilnius city open from the top of the Gediminas hill. Some people, especially youth, like settling on a spacious stone fence here and watch the city life from above. It is an impressive place where young fellows like to take their girlfriends, city guides always include this destination to tours around Vilnius, the hill is often visited by schoolchildren excursions and separate tourists. The only inconvenience about the place is that you must be on time to get down the hill in order  not to be locked in the hill territory. The hill is not available to climb up all day long.

Death Penalty - Justified Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Death Penalty - Justified There are many problems facing our criminal justice system today. Some of the more important ones are overcrowded jails, the increasing murder rate, and keeping tax payers content. In light of these problems, I think the death penalty is our best and most reasonable solution because it is a highly effective deterrent to murder. And, tax payers would be pleased to know that their hard-earned tax dollars are not being wasted on supporting incorrigible criminals who are menaces to society. In addition, they would not be forced to fund the development of new penitentiaries in order to make room for the growing number of inmates in our already overcrowded jails. Moreover, the death penalty would serve to curb the growth of future crimes and consequently the number of inmates would also be reduced. Thus, overcrowding in federal and state penitentiaries would be eliminated. In this essay, I will discuss these ideas and prove why capital punishment is the best viable solutio n to the problems plaguing our criminal justice system. Capital punishment could solve our problem with the increasing murder rate because it serves a highly effective deterrent. â€Å"The death penalty deters murder by putting the fear of death into would be killers. A person is less likely to do something, if he or she thinks that harm will come to him† (Studyworld 1). This fear of death is the key to reducing the murder rate. Frank G. Carrington informs us that Louis Joseph Turck..., an ex-convict with a felony record dating from 1941, was arrested May 20, 1961 for robbery. He had used guns in prior robberies in other states but only pretended to be carrying a gun in the robbery here [Cal... ...ng tax payers, and the other problems facing out criminal justice system. As we have seen, it can serve as a deterrent and reduce the murder rate. In addition, the death penalty would fee up space in overcrowded state and federal prisons. Moreover, it satisfies tax payers because it requires less tax money and can eliminate the need for additional prisons. Hence, capital punishment should be instituted everywhere. Works Consulted â€Å"Benefits of Capital Punishment.† Studyworld. 20 Nov. 2002 . Carrington, Frank G. Neither Cruel nor Unusual. New York: Arlington House Publishers, 1978. Jacobs, Nancy R, Alison Landers, and Mark A. Siegel, eds. Capital Punishment - Cruel and Unusual?. 1979-1996. 7th ed. Texas: Information Plus, 1996.

The Factors that led to the Decline of the Middle Ages

The late middle ages were years filled with turmoil. Famine, plague, turmoil in religion, and a war lasting over one hundred years all happened within the same two centuries. Many feared that these ages were the apocalypse, as these signs were those of the four horseman predicted in religious scripture. Several people ran from urban surroundings in order to escape the chaos and disease spreading in the cities. The late middle ages were the ending of something old and the beginning of something that most hoped was better.The decline of the middle ages was the result of famine and plague, decline of the papacy, and the hundred year’s war. The middle ages declined in part because of famine and plague. The famine started in the early 14th century when the climate in Europe changed to a colder and moister climate. These cooler temperatures and wetter seasons resulted in a failure of crops in large parts of Europe, causing the prices to skyrocket. Prices of grain rose from a shillin g to twenty shillings in 1315. Those who could not afford the high prices of grain were doomed to starve.Those who starved not only lacked food but had a weakened immune system because of a lack of nutrients. Almost three decades later while people were still starving, a disease washed up on the shores of Messina known as the bubonic plague. The symptoms of this sickness were described by Georges Chastellain as, â€Å"The pulse trembles and he pants. The bones are disjointed on all sides; there is not a tendon which does not stretch as to burst. † Giovanni Boccaccio describes in the Decameron that bodies were piled outside houses and taken to large trenches, to where they were buried by the hundreds.This plague spread throughout Europe and only rural unvisited communities were able to stay away from the plague. None could clearly identify the cause of this plague and as a result they turned to their own individual explanations. Many thought that the plague was sent from God a s a form of punishment for sins that the people had committed. Some of these people went from town to town whipping themselves hoping that God would forgive them and the people around them. Others turned to a more worldly answer and punished the Jews for causing the plague.Many Jews were tortured to confess that they had poisoned the water supply, and they were killed because of their supposed crime. Through the combination of the plague and famine medieval society started to collapse and the deterioration of the Middle Ages. During the middle ages the church was the center of the average person’s life. However in the 14th century the papacy started to decline and individuals lost respect for the church because of the conciliar movement, and attacks from intellectuals.Intellectuals felt that the Pope was too worldly and did not care about Christianity as much as he cared about having the finest things. Ramà ³n de Cornet criticized the pope in Avignon saying, â€Å"I see the pope his sacred trust betray, for while the rich his grace can gain always†¦ He strives to gather wealth as best he may, forcing Christ's people blindly to obey,† John Wycliffe proposed several ideas about how to make the church less worldly. Two of these were about keeping the sacred practices of the church in the church instead of letting them be abused outside of the church.All those who promoted these ideas were both condemned and executed for heresy or they were smart enough to stay away from the church officials. This caused a split in the church as some agreed with the intellectuals and others did not, causing a weak and divided Roman Catholic Church. Finally the conciliar movement is the last reason that caused the decline of the papacy. The conciliar movement was an attempt to answer the question of if there should be a council that shares the authority of the pope or if there should be a singular pope that exercises power.In Defensor Pacis Marsilius of Padua st ates that, â€Å"We now wish . . . to adduce the truths of the holy Scripture . . . which explicitly command or counsel that neither the Roman bishop called pope, nor any other bishop or priest, or deacon, has or ought to have any rulership or coercive judgment or jurisdiction over any priest or non-priest, ruler, community, group, or individual of whatever condition . . . .† This division caused many people to lose faith in the pope. The Conciliar movement, along with the attacks from intellectuals caused the decline of the church and the papacy.The final event that contributed to the downfall of medieval society was the Hundred Years War. Starting in the mid-14th century, the Hundred Years War was fought between Britain and France and ended in the mid-15th century. The war started when the king of France died with no heirs. When selecting a king, some French nobles wanted an English king that did not want to centralize the government, while other French nobles wanted a Fren ch king to maintain national pride.This sparked conflict over English controlled lands in France. The war lasted for many years and was mostly fought on French lands. Jean Froissart’s account of a sacking during the war stated, â€Å"for upwards of three thousand men, women and children were put to death that day. God have mercy on their souls! for they were veritable martyrs,† The English seemed to be winning in the war until Joan of Arc led the French army. The French started winning, and eventually led to the removal from the English in the French territory.This led to a growth of nationalism in both countries as well as it started to cause the peasants to revolt. As Jean Froissart stated about the English Peasant Revolt, â€Å"they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no slaves, and that no one ought to be treated as such, unless he had committed treason against his lord, as Lucifer had done against God: but they had done no s uch thing, for they were neither angels nor spirits, but men formed after the same likeness with their lords, who treated them as beasts.This they would not longer bear, but had determined to be free, and if they laboured or did any other works for their lords, they would be paid for it. † These revolts caused feudal society to collapse slowly, adding to the decline of the medieval society caused by the Hundred Year’s War. Overall the Hundred Year’s War, the decline of the papacy, and famine and plague, mainly contributed to the wane of medieval society.Famine and plague was caused by cool and wet climate change as well as the spread disease throughout Europe. The decline of the papacy was the result of the attacks from intellectuals and the conciliar movement. And finally the Hundred Year’s War was the result of the selection of the French king and the argument over English lands in French territory. Medieval society declined for a number of reasons, but it never stopped suddenly. It was a gradual decline into another era filled with many facets and features.

Conventional Morality Essay

Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Physical consequences of an action determine its goodness or badness regardless of the human meaning or value of these consequences. Avoidance of punishment and unquestioning deference to power are valued in their own right, not in terms of respect for an underlying moral order supported by punishment and authority. † (Duska, R. and Whelan, M. , 1975) Summary: The concern is for self – â€Å"Will I get into trouble for doing (or not doing) it? † Good behaviour is associated with avoiding punishment. Inadequacy of Stage 1 reasoning: Avoidance of punishment regardless of the ethical value of the actions is unhealthy especially under â€Å"bad† authorities such as Adolf Hitler. * Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: Right action is â€Å"that which instrumentally satisfies one’s own needs and occasionally the needs of others. † â€Å"Human relations are viewed in terms like those of the marketplace; elements of fairness, reciprocity and equal sharing are present, but they are always interpreted in a physical or pragmatic way. Reciprocity is a matter of ‘you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours,’ not of loyalty, gratitude or justice. † (Duska, R. and Whelan, M. , 1975) Summary: The concern is â€Å"What’s in it for me? † It is still egocentric in outlook but with a growing ability to see things from another person’s perspective. Action is judged right if it helps in satisfying one’s needs or involves a fair exchange. Inadequacy of Stage 2 reasoning: Where the needs of different individuals conflict, can there ever be a fair exchange? Doesn’t this conflict call for sacrifice from one of the parties? Level 2 – Conventional Morality People at this stage conform to the conventions / rules of a society. * Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Good behavior is that which pleases or helps others and is approved by them. There is much conformity to stereotypical images of what is majority or ‘natural’ behaviour. Behavior is frequently judged by intention. ‘He means well’ becomes important for the first time. One earns approval by being ‘nice. ‘† (Duska, R. and Whelan, M. , 1975) Summary: The concern is â€Å"What will people think of me? † and the desire is for group approval. Right action is one that would please or impress others. This often involves self-sacrifice but it provides the psychological pleasure of ‘approval of others. ‘ Actions are also judged in relation to their intention. Inadequacy of Stage 3 reasoning: * Same person, different roles OR Different groups, different expectations * Different people, different roles * People not living up to their duties or roles * Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Right behavior consists in doing one’s duty, showing respect for authority and maintaining the given social order for its own sake. † A person in this stage â€Å"orients to society as a system of fixed rule, law and authority with the prospect of any deviation from rules as leading to social chaos. † (Duska, R. and Whelan, M. , 1975) Summary: The concern now goes beyond one’s immediate group(s) to the larger society †¦ to the maintenance of law and order. One’s obligation to the law overrides one’s obligations of loyalty to one’s family, friends and groups. To put it simply, no one or group is above the law. Inadequacy of Stage 4 reasoning: * Unquestioning obedience toward authority is unhealthy. * Accepted social order may not be the best possible order. The laws of society may even be bad. Level 3 – POSTConventional Morality The moral principles that underline the conventions of a society in this level are understood. * Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Generally with utilitarian overtones. Right action tends to be defined in terms of general individual rights and in terms of standards which have been critically examined and agreed upon by the whole society †¦ with an emphasis upon the possibility of changing law in terms of rational consideration of social utility (rather than rigidly maintaining it in terms of Stage 4 law and order). † (Duska, R. and Whelan, M. , 1975) Summary: The concern is social utility or public interest. While rules are needed to maintain social order, they should not be blindly obeyed but should be set up (even changed) by social contract for the greater good of society. Right action is one that protects the rights of the individual according to rules agreed upon by the whole society. Inadequacy of Stage 5 reasoning: How do we arrive at a consensus on the rules that are good for society? Should a majority group impose their preferences on a minority group? What if you disagree with the decision of the majority? * Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Right is defined by the decision of conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical principles appealing to logical comprehensiveness, universality and consistency. These principles are abstract and ethical (the golden rule, the categorical imperative) and are not concrete moral rules like the Ten Commandments. At heart, these are universal principles of justice, of the reciprocity and equality of human rights, and of respect for the dignity of human beings as individual persons. † (Duska, R. and Whelan, M. , 1975) Summary: The concern is for moral principles †¦ an action is judged right if it is consistent with self-chosen ethical principles. These principles are not concrete moral rules but are universal principles of justice, reciprocity, equality and human dignity. Inadequacy of Stage 6 reasoning: Our conscience is not an infallible guide to behaviour because it works according to the principles we have adopted. Moreover, who or what determines these universal principles? Although moral reasoning does not necessarily lead to moral action, the latter is based in part on one’s capacity to reason about moral choices. Kohlberg was more concerned with the reasoning of the action than the action itself. And that reasoning when acted upon becomes our motivation. II – ETHICAL RELATIVISM * Cultural Relativism (sociological relativism): The descriptive view that different groups of people have different moral standards for evaluating acts as right or wrong. A. Hence, it is not an ethical doctrine–it’s a sociological or observational conclusion–even so; the view is somewhat ambiguous. B. For example, different groups might have the same basic moral principle, but apply the principle in radically different situations. 1. A second sense of cultural relativism is less obvious. I. e. , that different cultures differ on basic moral principles. 2. A possible reason for the observation of cultural relativism is shown by the example of basic moral principles which could be said to support different moral rules according to the interpretations of different cultures. In the following diagrams, there are two vastly different interpretations listed for each moral principle. * Ethical Relativism: the prescriptive view that (1) different groups of people ought to have different ethical standards for evaluating acts as right or wrong, (2) these different beliefs are true in their respective societies, and (3) these different beliefs are not instances of a basic moral principle. A. The ethical relativist often derives support for his position by two basic mistakes: 1. The relativist confuses cultural (or sociological) relativism with ethical relativism, but cultural relativism is a descriptive view and ethical relativism is a prescriptive view. (E. g. , cultural relativismdescribes the way the way people actually behave, and ethical relativism prescribes the way people ought to behave. 2. The ethical relativist often argues as follows: â€Å"An absolute ethical standard has never been proved beyond doubt in the history of thought. Thus, an absolute ethical standard does not exist. † This argument is an instance ad ignorantiam fallacy. p is unproved; not-p is true. From the fact that a statement has not been proved, we can logically draw no conclusion. B. Objections to ethical relativism. 1. The Differing Ideals Objection (or, as it is sometimes called, the linguistic objection): it is inconsistent to say that the same practice is considered right in one society and considered wrong in another. (If â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† are to have consistent meaning, then the terms must be used in the same manner. ) Possible counter-objections (by the ethical relativist): a. The relativist sometimes states that â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† have no consistent meaning. These words reflect only emotion or perhaps the ceremonial use of language. In other words, this defense shades into ethical subjectivism. Counter-counter-objection (by ethical absolutist): The problem with believing that â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† have no consistent meaning is the ordinary use of words in this case results in meaninglessness. What would happen if people used the same word in different situations to refer to different things? Communication would not take place. b. Some ethical relativists believe ethical words are reducible to non-ethical values; e. g. , these words have to do with recommendations for survival or well-being. Counter-counter-objection (by ethical absolutist): the problem here is just the difficulty of understanding the nature of a non-ethical value. Would a non-ethical value be an aesthetic value? c. Some relativists believe we can justify relativism by intuition, revelation, authority, etc. Counter-counter-objection (by ethical absolutist): these attempts are subjectively based; they differ from time to time and place to place. 2. Mental Health Objection to ethical relativism (from the definition or criterion of a group): If â€Å"what is right in one group is wrong in another,† where exactly does one group end and another begin? Counter-objections to the Mental Health Objection (by the relativist): * Right and wrong are to be determined in the situation. * Right and wrong are to be determined by what the majority determine at the time and place. * Right and wrong are ultimately established by power or authority. 3. Ad Populum Objection to the relativist’s belief that ethics is established by what most people believe: Simply because most people think something is right does not thereby make it right. Simply because most people think a statement is true does notmake that statement true Counter-objections to the ad populum objection (by the relativist): a. The same difficulty of establishing the meaning of â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† exits for the absolutist, pari passu. The absolutist has been unable to state a universally agreed upon meaning to the terms. (Notice that this response is a variant of the ad hominem—tu quoque.) b. Other solutions to the questions of the meaning of key ethical terms according to the relativist are possible by appealing to survival value, consensus gentium, and so on 4. Moral Progress Objection: If ethical relativism were correct, there could be no such thing as moral improvement or purpose in cultures or a person’s life. To have improvement, we must have a standard by which to judge the difference in moral values. Counter-objections (by the relativist): a. That’s correct–we can make no such judgment that one society is better than another. We could only judge by our own values. b. If something like â€Å"survival value† is used to ground moral beliefs, then moral improvement might be identified with â€Å"increased knowledge concerning survival of the society. † * Ethical Absolutism: the prescriptive view that there are basic or fundamental ethical principles which are true without qualification or exception as to time, condition, or circumstance. * Ethical Nihilism: the view that ethical terms such as â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† have no meaning or are nonsense. A. Objection: but something is meant when we say, â€Å"X is wrong. † Counter-objections (by the nihilist): 1. If there is no empirical meaning to the terms, they have no â€Å"cash value. † (Q. v. , positivism. ) 2. â€Å"Whatever can be said, can be said clearly. † The burden of proof that the terms have meaning is on the non-nihilist. * Ethical Skepticism: the view that ethical terms such as â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† might have meaning but their meaning cannot be established. A. Objection to skepticism at this point is methodological. Ethical skepticism should not be held a priori at the beginning of an investigation but should only be a possible outcome after a thorough study.

Police - Power and Corruption essays

Police - Power and Corruption essays Twenty-four hours a day, three hundred sixty-five days a year, the police have a mandate to enforce the criminal law and preserve public peace. Understood in this mandate is an obligation to police everyday life matters that originate in the daily lives and activities of citizens within their community. Police interact in some form with the average citizen more often than any other government official. In society today the police play a key role in maintaining a civil society. This role assumes a substantial amount of power and authority over the general public. With power comes corruption and/or misuse of power. The question that is presented is, how and why do the police exceed the parameters of their power and authority? This is an issue that is predominant in urban settings, but not exclusive to these settings. This is an important issue because it affects all people. The police is a government service to all people, but all people do not feel they are being serviced. Not everyone is satisfied with the conduct of the police. Why do people feel that police are crossing boundaries that they should not be? This will be observed from four different aspects in which police are capable of exceeding the parameters of their power and authority: police and use of discretionary enforcement, Police justice," police harassment, and the unwarranted use of police authority. Police are allowed to and must use personal discretion in their determination of law enforcement. Unlike a judge or lawyer a police officer can not gather information and take time to make a prognosis to make a decision affecting the fate of a person. He must make a quick decision based on his discretion to determine the fate of a person. A quick decision is required to protect the interests of the public and to satisfy requirements of operating efficiency. It sounds like we are telling officer to not enforce the law, but to determine the law. A policeman's di...

7 Reference Resources for Writers and Editors

7 Reference Resources for Writers and Editors 7 Reference Resources for Writers and Editors 7 Reference Resources for Writers and Editors By Mark Nichol What guides and handbooks does a careful writer (or editor) rely on? I’ve consulted many resources, but the ones on this list have pride of place and show the most wear and tear. 1. The Associated Press Stylebook Associated Press style and Chicago style (see below) differ in some respects, but many of the listings in this alphabetically organized resource will set you straight about how to treat many common and proper nouns. 2. The Chicago Manual of Style This is the primary resource, after a house style guide, for many American publishing companies and other companies that produce publications, providing guidance about grammar and usage as well as topics like abbreviation, capitalization and other emphasis (such as italics or boldface), numbers, and punctuation. It’s only one of many, but it’s preeminent. 3. The Copyeditor’s Handbook This paperback guide, originally conceived as a companion to Chicago, is similar in organization but formatted more like a textbook (I’ve used it as such with great success), with exercises at the back of each chapter. It’s more accessible but not as comprehensive than the preceding book. 4. Garner’s Modern American Usage Language maven Bryan Garner’s authoritative, encyclopedic tome about proper use of words is the definitive specimen of this type. 5. Merriam-Webster’s Biographical Dictionary This is a handy resource for double-checking names of famous people or their life spans (and years in office or on a throne). The publisher’s general dictionary includes in its appendixes both biographical and geographical dictionaries, but the listings in the stand-alone publications are much more extensive. 6. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary Actually, I generally use Merriam-Webster Online, but the print version is handy for finding all the words that start with a certain prefix, or coming up with an alliterative adjective. 7. Merriam-Webster’s Geographical Dictionary Find out the current spellings of foreign cities and the official names of countries and their land area and population. The latter figure will be out of date, and you can find this information (and that available in the biographical dictionary) online, but you may prefer flipping pages to clicking through sites. This list is not a purchasing guide don’t blindly buy any of these books. Visit your local library and take a look at them, then decide which are good investments for your needs. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business LetterUsed To vs. Use ToPrepositions to Die With

Groups Protecting Civil Rights and Civil Liberties

Groups Protecting Civil Rights and Civil Liberties These prominent nonprofit groups work for various civil liberties related causes, ranging from free speech to the rights of the elderly. American Association of People with Disabilities In 1995, over 500 disabled Americans assembled in Washington, D.C. to create a new nonprofit organization- the American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD). The AAPD works for the rights of the disabled and supports enforcement of existing legislation, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. AARP Since 1958, AARP has lobbied for the rights of aging Americans- both those who are retired and those who still serve in the workforce. Once known as the American Association for Retired Persons, the AARPs mission covers more than just those who are retired and the full name is no longer used. With over 35 million members, the AARP is one of the largest nonprofit organizations in the country. American Civil Liberties Union The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) was founded in 1920 to respond to repressive government measures taken in the wake of World War I. The ACLU has been the leading civil liberties organization for more than 80 years. Americans United for Separation of Church and State Originally founded in 1947 as Protestants United for Separation of Church and State, Americans United for Separation of Church and State (AU) now represents a coalition of religious and nonreligious Americans. The organization works to ensure that the government continues to respect the First Amendments establishment clause. Electronic Frontier Foundation Founded in 1990, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) works specifically to ensure that civil liberties continue to be protected in the digital age. The EFF is particularly concerned with First Amendment free speech issues and is best known for organizing the blue ribbon campaign in response to the Communications Decency Act of 1995 (later declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court). NARAL Pro-Choice America The organization now known as NARAL Pro-Choice America was originally founded in 1969 as the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws. NARAL dropped its old name in the wake of the Supreme Courts landmark Roe v. Wade ruling of 1973, that repealed abortion laws. It is now a prominent lobbying group working to preserve a womans right to choose, as well as to support other planned parenthood options, such as access to birth control pills and emergency contraception. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), founded in 1909, advocates for the rights of African Americans and other racial minority groups. It was the NAACP that brought Brown v. Board of Education, the case that ended state-mandated public school segregation in the United States, to the U.S. Supreme Court. National Council of La Raza Founded in 1968, the National Council of La Raza (NCLR) defends Hispanic Americans against discrimination, supports anti-poverty initiatives, and works for humane immigration reform. Although the phrase La Raza (or the race) is often used specifically to refer to those of Mexican ancestry, the NCLR is an advocacy group for all Americans of Latina/o ancestry. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Founded in 1973, the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force is the nations oldest support and advocacy group for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender Americans. In addition to supporting legislation granting equal protection to same-sex couples, the Task Force has recently begun a Transgender Civil Rights Project aimed at ending discrimination on the basis of gender identity. National Organization for Women With over 500,000 members, the National Organization for Women (NOW) is generally regarded as the political voice of the womens liberation movement. Founded in 1966, it works to end discrimination based on gender, protect a womans  right to bodily autonomy and promote the overall status of women in the United States. National Rifle Association With 4.3 million members, the National Rifle Association (NRA) is the nations oldest and most influential gun rights organization. It promotes gun ownership and gun safety and supports an interpretation of the Second Amendment that affirms an individual right to bear arms.

Long-Term Orientation in Chinese Business Markets Literature review

Long-Term Orientation in Chinese Business Markets - Literature review Example According to the authors, guanxi behaviour consists of three elements: affect (emotions), reciprocal favour, face preserving. In Chinese culture, trust is an outcome of guanxi behaviour. The authors emphasise that in China, affection and business go together unlike the UK or USA. Affect denotes human feelings or emotional commitments that are central to intimate social bonding in several kinds of relationships such as between teachers and students, parents and children, or between close friends. In Chinese culture, the reciprocal favour stems from certain social behaviour evoking emotional responses and feeling by one of the group member to another. As such, reciprocity is a universal behaviour that can be traced even to animal kingdom. Similarly, the importance of face preserving for any Chinese in personal and professional life is tremendous. Face preserving behaviour plays a crucial role in constructing interpersonal relationships. It is important to note that in the Chinese cultu re, any disloyal person in the group is a faceless person. Society associates a great value when members of the group go to any extent to honour their obligations. Thus, it can be said that guanxi is a fulcrum of most activities in China that fall into the purview of political, economic and social order. However, to gain more clarity, researchers interviewed over a dozen sales managers in China and Hong Kong to find out how they view guanxi in the business world. ... As replied by the sales managers, guanxi is the first step of a salesperson to establish his or her intention to do the business; however, guanxi behaviour takes considerable time to develop to the point where unfamiliarity with the buyer ceases to exist. According to the sales managers interviewed, most Chinese firms respect guanxi style of relationships while doing any business transactions. That means the higher the salesperson interacts with a buyer, the greater the trust the buyer reposes in the salesperson. Surprisingly, business transactions are done on the basis of trust at personal level rather than at the organisational level. That is why many transactions with overseas firms are done on the basis of personal contacts. People are more loyal to their superiors rather than their organisation. A buying firm's trust on the salesperson is due to his or her expertise on the subject and ability to deliver. Similarly, the higher the status or position of the salesperson, the higher the trust the buying firm will repose on the selling firm. This is so because higher status of the salesperson signifies greater control on the firm's resources to fulfil agreed obligations. The researchers formulated various hypotheses to understand how a buying firm develops trust on the seller firm including the factors such as salesperson expertise and his or her status responsible for generating this trust. In the process to measure all the three elements of guanxi as mentioned above, the authors served the questionnaire to 250 respondents; however, only 51.2% respondents returned the questionnaire. Those who responded were in their current positions for last 4 years and in relationship with

What strenghts do you have that will allow you to succeed as a Essay

What strenghts do you have that will allow you to succeed as a Physician assistant - Essay Example Being detail oriented is key for physician assistants, for example, when doing diagnoses and administering treatments. I am also strong and can act fast which gives me the capacity to respond to various issues. Physician assistants need to be humble – a quality that comes in handy especially when there is need for one to know their limits. They should also have the ability to handle stress. Furthermore, they should have the capacity to make sound judgements fast as they sometimes work under a lot of pressure and have to multi task. A self examination reveals that I am always keen to detail, can effectively handle stress, and can respond well to pressure and situations that require multi-tasking. Yet again, I am a good communicator. Effective communication goes a long way in helping establishing good relations between the different stakeholders. In conclusion, I have several strengths that make me fit for a physician assistant position. I am compassionate, humble, keen to detail, a good communicator, strong and can manage stress effectively, just to mention a few of my

Legal advice ( case study) Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Legal advice ( ) - Case Study Example This will include statutes and regulations that specifically define the use of such exclusion clauses in a contract. There are two situations involved in this case that would impact on the contractual obligations of Harpreet. The first involves the agreement between the hotel and Joseph and Rebecca. Their contract already involves Harpreet having received the monetary deposit. The cancellation of the wedding reception would, first and foremost, pose the question of whether Harpreet would be obligated to return the deposit given by the couple. In the second scenario, the question posed would be the liability, if ever, of Harpreet for the damage to one of the hotel guest's cars that was parked there. Let us first tackle Joseph and Rebecca's situation. The doctrine of frustration operates in situations where it is established that due to a subsequent change in circumstances, the contract is rendered impossible to perform, or it has become deprived of its commercial purpose by an event not due to the act or default of either party1. In Taylor v Caldwell2 Blackburn J stated that ""The principle seems to us to be that, in contracts in which the performance depends on the continued existence of a given person or thing, a condition is implied that the impossibility of performance arising from the perishing of the person or thing shall excuse the performance." In this case the reception did not push through without the fault of either of the contracting parties. Both Harpreet and the couple have already partially performed their obligations under the contract with the former buying flowers, decorating the room and looking for a particular wine while the latter paid the deposit. So on t his point, Harpreet no longer has any contractual liabilities to Joseph and Rebecca since the non-holding of the reception was not the hotel's fault. The second scenario requires a more elaborate understanding of contract law. Julie's success in demanding for compensation from Harpreet for the damage to her car would depend on, 1) the exact terms of the contract she entered into with the hotel when she booked a stay there and 2) the validity of the general exemption of the hotel for damage to cars at their parking lot as shown by a sign that was posted there. Furthermore, clauses that exempt a party from liability must pass the test of incorporation, reasonable notice and construction or interpretation. On the first point, contract law is based on the fundamental principle of party autonomy. This means that the parties to a contract are free to modify the nature and extent of their liability under the contract if they so wish on the assumption that the parties have equal bargaining power. It is not so obvious from the facts given whether the hotel contract itself stipulates for an escape from liability for damage to hotel guests' cars at their parking lot. We can safely assume that the sign in the parking lot warning car owners that they park at their own risk would refer to those persons who do not stay at the hotel but rather are mere transients. Going back to Julie, the contract that she signed with the hotel when she checked in contains all the stipulations that govern their contractual relationship. Should this

Coriolis Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coriolis Effect - Essay Example The first influence of the Coriolis effect is related to the ocean. It can influence the ocean through the interaction with other factors such as temperature and the physical characteristics of the ocean basin. Another important influence is related to the surface currents with broad circulatory patterns referred to as gyres. Basically, the Coriolis effect causes the clockwise movement of the gyres in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise movement in the Southern Hemisphere. Surface currents though do not cross the equator but waters in the equatorial region are affected by the tropical easterlies or trade winds thus producing the Equatorial Current. The Coriolis effect then causes the movement of warm water to the pole while the cool water currents flow to the equatorial region (Gabler and others 2008, p.133). The influence of Coriolis effect is also visible in the atmospheric phenomena such as the wind currents and other air currents and movements such as cyclones. Coriolis effect in relation to the wind currents can be related to different factors such as the force, the friction and pressure gradient. One example is the geostrophic wind which goes parallel to isobars and is affected by the friction and pressure gradient and turns 90 degrees due to Coriolis effect.

President Obama's Proposal to Boost Taxes for the Wealthy Research Paper

President Obama's Proposal to Boost Taxes for the Wealthy - Research Paper Example The first reason President Obama needs to raise taxes on the rich is the fact that our country needs more money to balance the budget. We have made some very poor decisions as a nation and now these obligations are coming back to haunt us. The most important revenue issue we need to address is paying for the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. We have never fought wars abroad without raising taxes to pay for the war. World War I was partially paid for by a huge tax on the richest Americans. This tax was presented as a patriotic duty that all rich Americans should do. President Bush insisted that we did not need a tax increase to pay for Iraq or Afghanistan. Instead of raising taxes, he lowered taxes on all Americans, but most especially for rich Americans. We are facing increasing costs for Social Security and Medicare as well. These are popular programs that no one wants to end. In addition to increased expenses from wars and social programs comes the increasingly expensive mission of pro viding homeland security for America. The amount of money spent on law enforcement and intelligence gathering since the 9/11 attacks in New York, Washington DC and Pennsylvania has skyrocketed. We want to be safe and we want to keep our social programs. The only way that we can have these things is to raise more revenue. There isn’t enough we can cut if we are not going to touch defense, homeland security and social security. President Obama has proposed a tax on the wealthiest Americans that would generate 1.5 trillion dollars in new revenue over the next decade. When an increase in revenue is necessary, the first people to give should be the rich because they have the most to give. Another reason the rich should be taxed stems from the fact that the richest Americans have been concentrating more and more of the wealth in their own personal fortunes over the past thirty years. Economists argue that there are many reasons for this concentration of wealth among the richest 1% of Americans. Some of it can be traced to the reductions in the capital gains taxes that were implemented during the George W. Bush presidency. Capital gains are the income received when an asset such as real estate or company stock is sold. These gains are taxed at a lower rate than regular income. This is a great advantage to the rich because most of their income comes from the selling of items that generate capital gains, not â€Å"income† in the technical sense. America has forgone trillions of dollars in lost revenue over the past two decades by reducing the capital gains tax. That revenue has ended up in the hands of the wealthiest Americans. Some economists say that a low capital gains tax is good for working and middle class Americans also because many have company stock for their 401K retirement plans. The problem with this logic is the fact that most working class people never need the capital gains tax breaks because they are not actively trading their stocks. They have them in reserve for retirement. The only people benefitting from this tax break are the rich. This tax beak has helped concentrate wealth in the hands of the richest Americans. The economist Marty Sullivan commented, "The way you get rich in this world is not by working hard, it's by owning large amounts of assets and having those things appreciate in value." Working and middle

Creative Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creative Exercise - Essay Example Instead, the government will rely on the business license renewals, sales taxes, real estate taxes, and other non-individual tax revenues for its operation. I will lead them into a world where education is of the utmost importance and yet costs the parent very little to spend on. It wont be hard to do this because the child will be home schooled by their parents, using the internet as the basis of their classroom setting. Standardized testing of the child will be done by the Department of Education thus, only the testing fees shall be charged as additional government revenue. The test will be the prerequisite to moving on to the next level of education just as in a regular school. The world that I envision is one where people will not want nor lack for anything because all the taxes collected shall go towards providing with public with as much free services as possible. This will include free medical services with nominal fees charged for major operations and procedures. Mine shall be a world with a government that is down-scaled because only the most necessary government offices shall be in place. Redundancy will not exist because government agencies will know how to multitask in the service of the people. The Utopian world that I shall lead the people to will take them back to the simpler times when people grew their own food and farming was the proud way of life that people used to sustain themselves. It is a world where sharing is the key to survival , not money. Of course I shall lead them towards this type of world and lifestyle to the best of my abilities. Whether I successfully lead them or not will depend upon whether they are willing to make sacrifices in order to achieve the utopian society that I will strive to create for everyone

President Obama's Proposal to Boost Taxes for the Wealthy Research Paper

President Obama's Proposal to Boost Taxes for the Wealthy - Research Paper Example The first reason President Obama needs to raise taxes on the rich is the fact that our country needs more money to balance the budget. We have made some very poor decisions as a nation and now these obligations are coming back to haunt us. The most important revenue issue we need to address is paying for the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. We have never fought wars abroad without raising taxes to pay for the war. World War I was partially paid for by a huge tax on the richest Americans. This tax was presented as a patriotic duty that all rich Americans should do. President Bush insisted that we did not need a tax increase to pay for Iraq or Afghanistan. Instead of raising taxes, he lowered taxes on all Americans, but most especially for rich Americans. We are facing increasing costs for Social Security and Medicare as well. These are popular programs that no one wants to end. In addition to increased expenses from wars and social programs comes the increasingly expensive mission of pro viding homeland security for America. The amount of money spent on law enforcement and intelligence gathering since the 9/11 attacks in New York, Washington DC and Pennsylvania has skyrocketed. We want to be safe and we want to keep our social programs. The only way that we can have these things is to raise more revenue. There isn’t enough we can cut if we are not going to touch defense, homeland security and social security. President Obama has proposed a tax on the wealthiest Americans that would generate 1.5 trillion dollars in new revenue over the next decade. When an increase in revenue is necessary, the first people to give should be the rich because they have the most to give. Another reason the rich should be taxed stems from the fact that the richest Americans have been concentrating more and more of the wealth in their own personal fortunes over the past thirty years. Economists argue that there are many reasons for this concentration of wealth among the richest 1% of Americans. Some of it can be traced to the reductions in the capital gains taxes that were implemented during the George W. Bush presidency. Capital gains are the income received when an asset such as real estate or company stock is sold. These gains are taxed at a lower rate than regular income. This is a great advantage to the rich because most of their income comes from the selling of items that generate capital gains, not â€Å"income† in the technical sense. America has forgone trillions of dollars in lost revenue over the past two decades by reducing the capital gains tax. That revenue has ended up in the hands of the wealthiest Americans. Some economists say that a low capital gains tax is good for working and middle class Americans also because many have company stock for their 401K retirement plans. The problem with this logic is the fact that most working class people never need the capital gains tax breaks because they are not actively trading their stocks. They have them in reserve for retirement. The only people benefitting from this tax break are the rich. This tax beak has helped concentrate wealth in the hands of the richest Americans. The economist Marty Sullivan commented, "The way you get rich in this world is not by working hard, it's by owning large amounts of assets and having those things appreciate in value." Working and middle

Ethical issues Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical issues - Article Example This is whereby human resource managers face the task of making sure employees are competent to work in the decentralized setting as opposed to how it was before. Employees will have to be able to adapt to the virtual desk to incorporate the concept of flexible work arrangements are incorporated. (Misra, 2009) Another crucial challenged encountered is the global business concept which entails that with the fast growing organizations and the world becoming a global village, human resources managers should be knowledgeable about different cultures traditions and business practices so as to be at per with the globalization process. Thus, a need to keep them always informed on global and international issues. (Misra, 2009) Managing the performance of employees has also been a key area of concern as many human resource managers are not fully aware of all field expectations. Thus, they are incapable of determining performance levels of employees and as a result, fail to access level of competence of employees. Incorporation of all sub systems in human resource management has also proved to be a cog in the wheel. For efficient performance to be achieved, it is vital that the existing departments correlate in order to produce a smooth running department. (Mathis,

Different strategies Essay Example for Free

Different strategies Essay Using guidelines on viewing, interpreting, and evaluating visual imagery, examine a visual image for its meaning. Develop a written analysis and evaluation of the image. The image viewed is that of a building plan of the library. The image contains lines and boxes and labels of the different sections of the building. The image is presented as a whole and viewing it as separate sections would likely destroy the meaning of the image. The image also communicates to the viewer the whole structure of the building and one viewing it can identify his/her spatial location in the building. The image is able to tell the viewer that the building is large, has several entrances and exits, it also tells one the nearest comfort room, librarian’s desk and where a specific book, journal or material is located. Generally, the image is simple and straightforward and is able to communicate to the viewer important information about the library. Explore how different texts require different reading strategies. Select a novel chapter, a textbook chapter, a magazine article and a web page, and engage each text and take appropriate notes. Then, reflect on how the different texts call for similar and different strategies. Taking notes when reading a chapter from a novel is difficult to do, it’s that we have been trained to read a novel as a complete story, and the notes I had were incomplete and did not really tell me what the story is about, it was just a set of conversations I found interesting. Reading a textbook chapter is different because it contains a lot of information and the text is arranged to focus on one topic, hence my notes were many and upon reading it, it was actually a summary of the textbook chapter. A magazine article calls for light reading, and unless one is really looking for specific information, nothing is there for me to take notes. Most of the information in magazine articles is commonsense and opinionated and one is moved to argue against the article or agree with it. Reading a web page is similar to the magazine article, however, one notices that the message is incomplete or there are more articles related to it that taking notes is impossible but one web page leads to another. Reread one of your recent essays. How does the writing show that you thoroughly understood your subject, met the needs of your audience, and achieved your writing purpose? I believe that my essay was able to communicate that I had a good understanding of my topic because the thesis statement was focused and enabled the reader to identify the direction of the essay. Moreover, the essay provided a brief but information-rich discussion of the topic and its background. Then it proceeded to present my arguments and it was backed by existing information from reliable sources. I also was able to provide an alternative argument so that the reader would be given the opportunity to agree or disagree with my arguments. I then finished it with a short summary and conclusion and an invitation to the reader to engage in the same. Review the wording of a recent writing assignment. What are the key words, restrictions, and options? What does the description tell you about the purpose, audience, form, and assessment of the writing? What strategies from this chapter would you use to get started? A recent writing assignment I completed was the personal essay about the most influential person in my life. The key words for the assignment were influential person, inspiration and learning. Since it was a personal essay the only restrictions was that names should not be used, although one could identify the relationship of the person to the writer. The option given was that in the event that one could not identify a person, then it could be a personal experience. The writing assignment implied that it was going to be a personal essay that the use of first person is allowed and that it was casual and emotional and the purpose is to share with readers a very personal part of my life. I would be able to use the brainstorming exercise, as well as the dialogue writing and how to convey emotions in what we write.

Nick’s Psychological Development in Ernest Hemingway’s In Our Time Es

Nick’s Psychological Development in Ernest Hemingway’s "In Our Time"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Hemingway’s collection of short stories, In Our Time, we follow a character by the name of Nick Adams. We are introduced to Nick in â€Å"Indian Camp† as a young boy, and follow him to adulthood in both Parts I and II of â€Å"Big Two-Hearted River†. Through this we see Nick develop and learn about some major facts of life. Nick is a character who changes through the effects of war on many different levels. Although Hemingway hardly mentions the war, he uses the stories to express different effects and emotions caused by the war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"Indian Camp† we meet Nick as he joins his father to help a pregnant Indian woman in labor. Nick’s father, a doctor, brings him to experience this as a sort of initiation of life. His father wants him to learn about life and wants to teach his son about being a doctor. While doing this, Nick’s father is unconsciously presenting Nick with life while trying to shield him from death. When the Indian man commits suicide, Nick’s father does not want him to see it. A man who commits suicide lacks courage, and that is not something that Nick’s father wants him to learn. Nick’s father did not say much to him about this incident. This strong, silent masculinity reappears throughout these stories. When this happens, Nick’s behavior also changes. Nick quickly refers to his father as â€Å"daddy† instead of â€Å"dad† as he did earlier. He is looking for his father to fix what has happened and comfort him. This tragic incident scars Nick more than even his father understands. Witnessing suicide was too disturbing to Nick at his young age, thus restraining his psychological development. Reacting to this, at the end of the story â€Å"†¦ [Nick] felt quite sure that he would never die† (19). This makes it obvious that although Nick witnessed death first hand, that he still does not fully understand it. Hemingway is introducing the theme of masculinity in the story, and how Nick is going to struggle with this throughout his life. Nick’s father stormed into a typically female situation (giving birth) and turned it into a male-dominated environment. This introduces Nick to prefer a masculine life rather than a feminine life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the story â€Å"The Doctor and the Doctor’s Wife† we briefly see Nick’s family life. All three of the Adams are living in separate worlds. Nick’s mother is... ...h are the two hearts of the big river, making their battle bring them closer together rather than further apart. The reason the two can connect is because they are both male. Even after all that Nick has gone through, he still has not allowed females into his life. He still believes that there can be no unison with women in a masculine life. It is here when it is obvious that regardless of all that he has been through, Nick has still not completely accepted the way traditional society works. He has shut out civilization and has begun the end of his life in solitude.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hemingway used many different emotions in this book to describe what people go through during war. Nick Adams is a character who never really finds peace in society. Instead, he finds contentment in solitude. Had Nick let women into his life and taken a risk of getting hurt, then he might have not spent the rest of his life fishing alone. Nick made the decision that he did not want the domestic life that Marjorie wanted. Now he must spend his days reflecting on his life and the decisions that he made. Whether he is at peace with the decisions he made is questionable, but anything is better than being at war.

theme :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My reasoning’s for choosing the path that I choose were simple. My life has revolved around sports since I was 5. So what better of a business world to go in besides sports? I cant think of anything better. The major I choose was sports management. This is a field that I will excel at and succeed in life after my football career ends.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I was a little kid I always had a lot of energy running around outside non stop. So my mom thought I should do something with all that energy, so sports came to mind. My first sport was tee ball. I played short stop and wore number 8. I wanted to be just like Cal Ripken. I really enjoyed tee ball and was pretty good at it, but that wasn’t it. Next came football and that’s when I fell in love. Football turned my whole perspective of life around.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As soon as I would step foot on the football field it felt like I was in a different zone. I’m at a peace with my self when I’m playing football. I don’t hear anything I’m just in a zone doing what I love for fun. It got me to where I am today†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. college. If it wasn’t for football I don’t know what I would be doing right no or where I would be I’m just thankful that I am here. If I cant play football all my life I at least want to be around it or any sport for that matter. Football has been a guidance for me in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sports is such a good way for kids these days to get away from all their troubles and problems either at home or on the streets. It kept me on the right path for the most part or I wouldn’t be here right now. sports management is just like another guidance for me. Only this is for my career and future not to stay out of trouble or to just have fun, its more than that. I want to wake up every day and know I’m going to work to do something I love. The only thing I could think of is sports.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That was my life’s run down leading up to the point where I decided what I wanted to do in and out of college. theme :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My reasoning’s for choosing the path that I choose were simple. My life has revolved around sports since I was 5. So what better of a business world to go in besides sports? I cant think of anything better. The major I choose was sports management. This is a field that I will excel at and succeed in life after my football career ends.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I was a little kid I always had a lot of energy running around outside non stop. So my mom thought I should do something with all that energy, so sports came to mind. My first sport was tee ball. I played short stop and wore number 8. I wanted to be just like Cal Ripken. I really enjoyed tee ball and was pretty good at it, but that wasn’t it. Next came football and that’s when I fell in love. Football turned my whole perspective of life around.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As soon as I would step foot on the football field it felt like I was in a different zone. I’m at a peace with my self when I’m playing football. I don’t hear anything I’m just in a zone doing what I love for fun. It got me to where I am today†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. college. If it wasn’t for football I don’t know what I would be doing right no or where I would be I’m just thankful that I am here. If I cant play football all my life I at least want to be around it or any sport for that matter. Football has been a guidance for me in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sports is such a good way for kids these days to get away from all their troubles and problems either at home or on the streets. It kept me on the right path for the most part or I wouldn’t be here right now. sports management is just like another guidance for me. Only this is for my career and future not to stay out of trouble or to just have fun, its more than that. I want to wake up every day and know I’m going to work to do something I love. The only thing I could think of is sports.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That was my life’s run down leading up to the point where I decided what I wanted to do in and out of college.

Memorial Day

Day is a day of remembrance for those who perished while serving In the military, a day to honor the soldiers who died while defending America. Our three day weekend in May is a wonderful time to get together with friends and family. To most of us, Memorial weekend it means no school/work and an extra day off. Memorial Day is so much more than a day off to have fun. Most students do not really even understand why they get school off; a lot of adult use this time for cookouts or parties.Memorial Day is a day where we, as Americans, should honor our fallen soldiers. Hardly anyone actually honors the soldiers by going to the parades/ceremonies In their communities. We owe It to the dead to honor their memory. The people who died for our Ideals and for their values were ordinary men and women who left the safety of their homes to fight to ensure Justice and protect our country. Brave Individuals gave their time, strength, and effort to protect our country and all that It stands for.In do ing so, countless men and women who were treasured by many, eve lost their lives Their hard work and sacrifice for our nation is sometimes taken for granted: the heroic men and women who have died fighting for our freedoms must be remembered. We take for granted their sacrifices; we should take effort in reminding ourselves of the individuals who lost their lives for us. Memorial Day is a day to honor and thank all the American soldiers who have sacrificed their lives.As Americans, we should show respect for the fallen and honor them for their courageous acts of bravery. Although we may not realize it, freedom is tot free. Freedom comes with a huge price, sometimes that price being life. It is not easy to be willing to take your own life for not Just your own rights, but for the rights of a whole nation. Memorial Day is not a day to have fun and party, but a special time to remember those who showed such devotion to our country to give up their lives for it, a time to remember these heroes. Our dedicated soldiers deserved to be remembered.Our dedicated military force is the reason why we are able to stand here today with the redeems we have, and why we are able to live with so many liberties. Our rights should never be taken for granted; we should be thankful for those who have paid the price for them. We should give thanks to all the heroes for their sacrifices, spreading gratitude. Memorial Day should be a day to reflect and be grateful. We can express our gratitude by attending local parades or Memorial Day events and pray for the families of the fallen soldiers to really understand the sacrifices they have made for us and our country.Memorial Day By preferable 21 Memorial Day is a day of remembrance for those who perished while serving in Hardly anyone actually honors the soldiers by going to the parades/ceremonies in their communities. We owe it to the dead to honor their memory. The people who died for our ideals and for their values were ordinary men an d women who left the individuals gave their time, strength, and effort to protect our country and all that it for granted; the heroic men and women who have died fighting for our freedoms

How to Train to Run a Half-Marathon Essay

I. Step 1 Preparing the Mind Visualization- picture in your mind the runner you want to be. Picture yourself making a great training run. Affirmation- flood your mind with positive thoughts by talking to yourself every day. Tell yourself that you are a marathon runner. Our minds operate in the present so the more we tell ourselves something, even if it is not yet true, the faster our mind believe it. Also, put an affirmation, race brochure, or inspiring quote somewhere you will see it every day! Block the Negative thinking- Be aware of negative thoughts creeping into your mind. Stop them in their tracks by telling yourself the opposite. If you catch yourself thinking you are tired during a run, tell yourself several times that you feel great and strong! Think about why you have set this monster goal for yourself and see yourself enjoying the benefits you expect to have once you accomplish your goal. Motivation- Building mental stamina is essential. Staying motivation and developing the prope r mindset is key to enjoying training and crossing the finish line! Goals- You must have the right goals and reasons for running in order to be successful. Finishing time goals is a good way to start. II. Planning a Strategy Wear the right gear- Buy a good pair of running shoes. These will be the most important piece of gear. There are sold at specialty running stores that help you get fitted. Nutrition- Carbohydrates provide the fuel runners need. During training 65% of your total calories should come from complex carbohydrates, 10% should come from protein, 25% should come from unsaturated fats. Hydration- Consume 6 – 8 ounces of fluids every 20 minutes. During pre-training and marathon training this is of the upmost importance to help keep you going. Recovery- is an important part of training. You should not run every day. Your body needs to rest between runs so it can recover from one run to the next, getting stronger between each run. Avoiding Injury- Use the non-running days to rest and recover. Ice-down any soreness. Injuries often sneak up without warning. Doing all the right things will minimize your chances of injury. I. Executing the Plan Pre-training- Before beginning half marathon training you should be able to run for at least 30 minutes without stopping. Distance is not important right now. You just need to get your body used to running. Combinations of run/walks are great to use. It’s also a good idea at this point to go ahead and sign up for a half marathon! Training- Your mileage should gradually increase each week. Total weekly mileage should not increase by more than 10% from week to week. Completing a run of 10-12 miles about 3 weeks before the race will be enough to prepare you for the finish. Then taper off in the final weeks leading up to the half marathon to allow your body to recover from the training. Half Marathon Day- The big day! You will be full of adrenaline after leaving the starting line. Remember though, distance running is about endurance and pace is critical. Maintain pace to save everything you have left for your big finish!

The Most Devastating Lifestyle Disease

Disease concept note: Type 2 diabetesBy:College:Course:Professor:Date:Type 2 diabetesDiabetes has been named as one of the most devastating lifestyle disease on the globe. Unlike other diseases caused by lifestyle practices like cancer; it has no curative medicine. If affected one is advised to maintain a strict prescribed routine and medication to help return body cells to their normal functioning. Only two types of diabetes exist and both have the same causes. Apart from Glucose levels; insulin levels dictated by livers production in ones bloodstream that dictate if he or she affected with either type of diabetes strains. In type 2; better as diabetes mellitus, the glucose measure in blood is comparatively high to the insulin to counter it in the blood stream. Insulin is a fluid originating from the liver to facilitate the intake of processed glycogen into all body tissues, glucose is essential as it acts like the fuel that make all the vital organs function. Surprisingly, the two types of diabetes have same origins and use almost the same treatments. A slight disparity is only noticed when two patients in question come from distinct age brackets. If so, there treatment differs. It is mostly adults above 41 years that get the disease due to inactivity and obesity. If exhibited in children the cause is usually narrowed to one hence treatment becomes easy.Signs and Symptomsfrequent thirst and urination When glucose builds up in the body, tissues usually become dehydrated because the glucose will be sucking water from them too maintain it aqueous state. In effect the patient will feel dehydrated, drink water frequently and urinate all the time.Increased hunger; if the tissues exhibit prolonged resistance to insulin, their glucose levels will gradually decrease and this will culminate their inactivity. They will send hunger triggers to the brain and the affected patient will be compelled to feel hungry from time to time.Weight loss; if tissues in the body resist insulin all the time, the body will adjust naturally by slowly burning the glycogen deposits in muscles into glucose. This will lead to a drastic loss of body weight. General body weakness and fatigue; these effects are caused by prolonged hunger and weight loss. The muscles in limbs will be dehydrated and the patient will frequently feel tiredBlurred vision; the body will naturally tend to dehydrate other body organs to stabilize its level of manufactured glucose running in the blood. The eye balls will be dehydrated; this will be followed by an uncomfortable itchy and eventually a blurred vision.Slow scab formation on injuries and sores; high sugar levels hamper the production of heparin; the effect being reduction coagulation. After this; untreated wounds and sores will take long to heal if not heal at all. Acanthosis; this is the appearance of dark spots and skin fold and creases. High Sugar level will cause the body defense system to become weak and the patient will have an altered skin appearance due to fungal and bacterial inhibitionCausesLifestyle; One's lifestyle is always pivotal to how his body functions, if one fat and sugar consumption has risen then he or she is more likely to experience devastating effect of diabetes mellitus. Generic trait transfer; If from the patients lineage there has been history of the diseases then it is more likely that that the disease was inherited.Insulin resistance: when tissues in the body frequently resist insulin, the likelihood of type 2 diabetes to take effect increases. As the absorption rate of glucose reduces the chances of disease creeping in skyrockets. ComplicationsWhen type 2 diabetes goes is not stabilized or of the treatment does not work then the following complications will appear. Note; these complications may appear gradually, or sporadically.Atheroscherosis; it is the hardening and tightening of blood vessels. When blood sugar levels rise they will corrode then clog the walls of veins. This may lead to insensitivity of limbs.Cardiovascular disease; the effect of glucose clogging the walls of blood veins is that the lumen will narrow and blood will pressure will increase. The later consequence of this is heart attack, stroke and eventually death.Neuropathy; high sugar levels cause severe injury on capillaries. he effect of this are tingly, burning, numbness or pain feeling arising from the feet up to other body organs in the thorax. Kidney damage; delicate capillaries located in the kidneys will be damaged and the blood filtration process will halt causing the kidney to fail.RemediesThere is no curative medicine for the disease and medicine is only prescribed to help calm the effects or hasten some the healing process. The below remedies are given as recommendations as they only touch on the patient's lifestyle.Diet check; a diabetic patient must be cautious of the fat and sugar levels in his meal. Foods that have cholesterol, trans fat, and saturated fats should avoided at all costs.Regular exercise; this helps reduce the fat level in blood. Excess fat makes body tissues resistant to insulin. Exercise will also maintain the blood flow in one's body. It doesn't have to vigorous; a 30 minute a day is enough.Weight check; drastic weight loss is a sign of the disease advancing and weight gain to uninfected people increases the infection risk. These are enough reasons to keep ones weight in check. Regular medical checkup; glucose tests should be done regularly to ascertain the sugar levels in ones blood. It is only by the checkups that a patient will monitor the progress of the disease.ReferencesSource of symptoms and signs of type 2 diabeteshttps://www.mayoclinic.org/disease-conditions/type-2-diabets/symptoms-causes/Source of causes and remedies type 2 diabeteshttps://www.everydaydiseases.com/heart-health/heart-disease-and-diabetics

Social Responsibility in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Responsibility in Business - Essay Example It is, however, underlined that all definitions of Social Responsibility focus on interrelationship between the economic, social as well as environmental and social aspects plus impacts of the organization’s activities. The following definition of Social Responsibility is advised to be used: â€Å"Social Responsibility means a balanced approach for certain companies to address and look for solutions to resolve economic, environmental and personal problems so that it benefits people, as well as whole communities and society in general† (International Institute of Sustainable Development, 2004). Social responsibility, therefore, underlies the ethical way of running any type of business. It, however, should not be confused with business ethics even if sometimes these two terms are used interchangeably. Social responsibility, according to William & Ferrell, is a broader concept which describes the impact of all business’s activities on our society while business ethi cs refers to decisions made by an individual or a group (Ferrell & Fraedlich, 2012, p. 39). In her turn, Jennings observes that social responsibility is just another layer of business ethics which describes the ways of considering the interests of all stakeholders and general public while resolving the ethical problems it encounters (Jennings, 2012, p. 48) The term â€Å"social responsibility† is referred to differently across the globe. Specifically, in the United Kingdom the term â€Å"corporate social responsibility† is common, in India this is â€Å"corporate citizenship†, in Chile – â€Å"Enterpreneurial Social Responsibility† , and in South Africa either â€Å"corporate social responsibility† (CSR) or â€Å"corporate social investment†, or â€Å"sustainable development†, etc (International Institute of Sustainable Development, 2004). While the social responsibility of business has been emphasized by the efforts of the gen eral public and its outcries, as well as by government regulation, social responsibility depends on the management’s attitude. The latter depends on which of two contrasting philosophies (models) has been chosen as dominant. Specifically, the economic model of social responsibility maintains that society gets the biggest benefit when the enterprises is left alone with its production and marketing of profitable goods needed by the society. It is based on traditional understanding of business as a venture that exists only to produce goods and services of high quality, earn nice profits, and give job opportunities (Pride, Hughes, Kapoor, 2012, p.52). In contrast, the socioeconomic model is based on recognition that the business has a responsibility not just to its stakeholders but to the general public, its employees, consumers, and suppliers. To illustrate, may firms today not merely accept social responsibility, but take pride in their social responsibility records winning awa rds in a variety areas, e.g. community involvement, environment, etc. These are such companies as Coca-Cola, Colgate-Palmolive, Hewlett-Packard, and Starbucks Coffee (Pride, Hughes, Kapoor, 2012, p.52). Despite obvious advantages of the second model, its benefit has been debated. Similarly, the viability of the economic model has been debated throughout years. Major arguments for enhanced social responsibility are as follows: 1) Since business is a part of a society, it should not neglect social issues; 2) Business possess necessary

Discussion Question Week 2-1D Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Question Week 2-1D - Essay Example This difference between research questions and hypotheses can also be comprehended with the help of a simple example: Research Question – What percentage of people living in Ireland prefer cold-coffee over conventional coffee? Hypothesis – On average, 50-60% of population living in Ireland prefer cold-coffee over conventional coffee. Therefore, in one sense, research hypothesis is an assumption made by the researcher in response to a formalized research question, which helps in the assessment of researcher’s personal knowledge and approach on the subject over which study is intended. Further, it is not always possible that a research hypothesis is proven to be the right answer for the research question by results of study, and in this case, researcher explores the reason why his/her generalizations got wrong. 2. Extraction of Research Question from Hypothesis: Example 1: Sample Hypothesis: The effects of changing climate will have no contributions in Malaria pene tration into Alaskan population.

Seven Years' War Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Seven Years' War Paper - Essay Example British colonies stretched along eastern coast of North America from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia in the north to Georgia in the south. Most of the older colonies extended their claims far westward. As the continents geography was unknown colonial authorities granted provincial charters arbitrarily. As their main centers were situated closely to the coast the y had increasingly growing populations so British settlements and fur traders were expanding inland across Appalachian Mountains. Nova Scotia which had been conquered by the British during Queen Anne’s War retained numerous French-speaking population, principally based on the shores of Northumberland Strait and the Bay of Fundy. Moreover the British claimed Rupert’s Land and established Hudson’s Bay Company to trade with Indians. In spite of the British and French claims the vast areas were under control of indigenous tribes. To the north of Abenaki and Mi'kmaq still dominated parts of Acadia, eastern provin ces of present day Canada and Maine as well as Nova Scotia (Jennings, 1988). Iroquois League held sway over Ohio country as well as over the most part of present day Upstate New York; however the former included populations of Mingo, Delaware and Shawnee. These tribes were formally the tributaries of Iroquois League so were restricted by the latter in authorities to conclude agreements. As soon as the war broke out the French also began to use their business connections to recruit from the native tribes in the western part of Great Lakes region (an area that was not a matter of controversy between the belligerents). Cherokee and Iroquois League rendered support to the British until disagreements ignited the Anglo-Cherokee war in 1758. In that very year the government of Pennsylvania worked out Treaty of Easton. According to that agreement Ohioan tribes swore neutrality in return for concession of the lands. The rest of the northern tribes for the most part took the side of the Frenc h, their main supplier of arms and ammunition and trading partner. Both British and French diplomacies did their best to secure support of Cherokee and Creek tribes’ neutrality. It was common for both small gangs and individuals to take part in hostilities on the different side of the conflict. By the time when the war broke out there had not been any French regular army units in North America though were few British ones. As a rule French possessions in North America were defended by 3.000 troupes de la marine made up of colonial regulars. Some of them had experience in woodland warfare. Also militia bands used to be called for when needed. British colonies enrolled militia units to fight the natives when needed yet did not have any regular forces there. Seven Years changed social, economic and political relations between the main European powers (Spain, Britain and France), their possessions and colonists and indigenes which inhabited the disputed territories. Britain assum ed control over Acadia, French Canada and other possessions inhabited by some 80, 000 predominantly French-speaking Catholics. The deportation of the French-speaking Acadians began in 1775 and made this land available for new migrants from Europe as well as from the southern colonies. Lots of Acadians were resettled throughout British North American provinces, though many moved to France or to Louisiana which they had hoped to stay French. Some of them were exiled to colonize such diverse places as Falkland

History of the Trumpet Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

History of the Trumpet - Thesis Example The trumpet is often referred to in two different time frames, one before the 1700s and one after this time frame. Before the 1700s, the trumpet used natural tuning. Instead of having keys or ways to move between notes, all of the sounds were made with the embouchure of the player. The trumpet was limited to specific tones and sounds, most which were based on an interval of two to three spaces, specifically which coincided with the harmonic series used by the trumpet. The size of the instrument as well as the placement of the brass would change which tones were heard and which could be altered with the trumpet. The other tones which were used came as passing notes and occurred only when the trumpet player could slide between notes (Brownlow, 1996). The tuning of the trumpet and the natural sound which it carried caused the trumpet to hold a specific place in society. It was used mostly for solo concepts. The louder sound which was provided from the shape of the trumpet as well as the materials used created one aspect of using it for solo purposes. The natural tuning, which often didn’t match with other types of tuning, also presented problems if playing with other instruments. These two considerations led to the instrument being used with solo pieces. It was considered a way to make announcements among royalty and others in society. It was also referenced in Biblical and church components, such as when the trumpet would sound from the angels. This showed the instrument as a way to make announcements.... Before the 1700s, the trumpet used natural tuning. Instead of having keys or ways to move between notes, all of the sounds were made with the embouchure of the player. The trumpet was limited to specific tones and sounds, most which were based on an interval of two to three spaces, specifically which coincided with the harmonic series used by the trumpet. The size of the instrument as well as the placement of the brass would change which tones were heard and which could be altered with the trumpet. The other tones which were used came as passing notes and occurred only when the trumpet player could slide between notes (Brownlow, 1996). The tuning of the trumpet and the natural sound which it carried caused the trumpet to hold a specific place in society. It was used mostly for solo concepts. The louder sound which was provided from the shape of the trumpet as well as the materials used created one aspect of using it for solo purposes. The natural tuning, which often didn’t mat ch with other types of tuning, also presented problems if playing with other instruments. These two considerations led to the instrument being used with solo pieces. It was considered a way to make announcements among royalty and others in society. It was also referenced in Biblical and church components, such as when the trumpet would sound from the angels. This showed the instrument as a way to make announcements, to grab attention and to work as a way to add melody into a situation where no other music was heard (Noble, 2004). It wasn’t until the 1700s that composers involved in music began to change the arrangements and basic approaches to music. During this time, the composers became interested in the Well – Tempered tuning. This used a chromatic

Exercising Facilities at the Workplace Coursework

Exercising Facilities at the Workplace - Coursework Example This is more than a third of the population and excludes children and teens. The report further states that in 2008 alone, $147 billion was spent on obesity-related health complications and that obese people were spending at least $1400 more on medication than their normal counterparts. As highlighted by the above statistics, many Americans are not exercising as they should. They are leading unhealthy lives and exposing themselves to obesity-related health risks such as cancer, heart diseases, and type 2 diabetes. I formulated this research to investigate the advantages of setting up exercise facilities at workplaces and also to come up with ways of encouraging people to regularly visit them. This will reduce the obesity rate in the country and the health risks associated with it. I recently witnessed two colleagues discussing a move by their company management to set up a physical fitness facility at the company’s premises to encourage workers to live healthy lifestyles. I was struck most by the agility and enthusiasm that the two exuberated as they discussed the matter. Prior to this incident, I had never envisioned a gym within a working premise. Fitness sections should be constructed in every workplace as a way to encourage people to exercise regularly. The management will, therefore, be forced to allow workers to exercise during working days since most of them will be unwilling to show up at work during the weekends. However, the sessions will only be possible during off-peak hours such as lunch breaks and in the evenings when everyone is breaking for home.

Gas Compressor Essay Example for Free

Gas Compressor Essay A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible, so the main action of a pump is to pressurize and transport liquids. Types of Compressors Centrifugal compressors Centrifugal compressors use a rotating disk or impeller in a shaped housing to force the gas to the rim of the impeller, increasing the velocity of the gas. A diffuser (divergent duct) section converts the velocity energy to pressure energy. They are primarily used for continuous, stationary service in industries such as oil refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants and natural gas processing plants.[1][2][3] Their application can be from 100 horse power (75 kW) to thousands of horsepower. With multiple staging, they can achieve extremely high output pressures greater than 10,000 psi (69 MPa). Many large snow-making operations (like ski resorts) use this type of compressor. They are also used in internal combustion engines as superchargers and turbochargers. Centrifugal compressors are used in small gas turbine engines or as the final compression stage of medium sized gas Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors are similar to centrifugal compressors, but have a radial and axial velocity component at the exit from the rotor. The diffuser is often used to turn diagonal flow to the axial direction. The diagonal compressor has a lower diameter diffuser than the equivalent centrifugal compressor. Axial-flow compressors Axial-flow compressors are dynamic rotating compressors that use arrays of fan-like airfoils to progressively compress the working fluid. They are used where there is a requirement for a high flow rate or a compact design. The arrays of airfoils are set in rows, usually as pairs: one rotating and one stationary. The rotating airfoils, also known as blades or rotors, accelerate the fluid. The stationary airfoils, also known as stators or vanes, decelerate and redirect the flow direction of the fluid, preparing it for the rotor blades of the next stage.[1] Axial compressors are almost always multi-staged, with the cross-sectional area of the gas passage diminishing along the compressor to maintain an optimum axial Mach number. Beyond about 5 stages or a 4:1 design pressure ratio, variable geometry is normally used to improve operation. Axial compressors can have high efficiencies; around 90% polytropic at their design conditions. However, they are relatively expensive, requiring a large number of components, tight tolerances and high quality materials. Axial-flow compressors can be found in medium to large gas turbine engines, in natural gas pumping stations, and within certain chemical plants. Reciprocating compressors Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft. They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines.[1][4][5] Small reciprocating compressors from 5 to 30 horsepower (hp) are commonly seen in automotive applications and are typically for intermittent duty. Larger reciprocating compressors well over 1,000 hp (750 kW) are commonly found in large industrial and petroleum applications. Discharge pressures can range from low pressure to very high pressure (18000 psi or 180 MPa). In certain applications, such as air compression, multi-stage double-acting compressors are said to be the most efficient compressors available, and are typically larger, and more costly than comparable rotary units. [6] Another type of reciprocating compressor is the swash plate compressor, which uses pistons which are moved by a swash plate mounted on a shaft.